INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF
CancerGenetics
A Thorough Review of Current and Emerging Techniques for Screening and Diagnosing Ovarian Cancer.
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katayoun Aliyari,1,* Haniye fayezi,2
1. M.sc of Molecular genetics dr.aliyaripathobiolab,Borujerd Iran.
2. M.sc of Pathogenic Microbes Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch,Tehran Iran.
- Introduction: Ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is a highly aggressive form of gynecological cancer, with a 5-year survival rate of under 50%. The high mortality associated with HGSC is primarily due to late diagnoses, as many patients are not identified until the disease has progressed significantly. Currently, there are no standardized screening tests for ovarian cancer, highlighting the urgent need for new diagnostic methods that can identify the disease at earlier stages when treatment is more effective. The development of effective screening strategies has been particularly difficult due to the low incidence of ovarian cancer in the general population and a significant lack of sensitive and specific biomarkers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ovarian cancer diagnostics, focusing on innovative techniques that utilize novel protein, genetic, epigenetic, and imaging biomarkers, along with advanced diagnostic technologies for the noninvasive detection of HGSC, especially in women at higher risk due to germline mutations like BRCA1/2. Finally, we explore the potential for these approaches to be translated into clinically applicable solutions for the early screening and diagnosis of ovarian cancer, aiming to enhance patient outcomes in both the general population and those at high risk.
- Methods: Current Screening Techniques Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVU) :-1 TVU is a primary imaging modality used to visualize the ovaries and detect abnormalities. 2- CA125 Serum Biomarker: CA125 is a protein that is often elevated in women with ovarian cancer. :3- Pelvic Examination A physical examination by a healthcare provider to check for abnormalities. Emerging Techniques Multi-Modal Biomarker Panels -1 Combining multiple biomarkers (e.g., HE4, ROMA index) with CA125 to improve diagnostic accuracy. Liquid Biopsy -2 A minimally invasive test analyzing circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or exosomes in blood samples. MRI and CT -3 Advanced imaging techniques that provide detailed views of the pelvic region. Genetic Testing Testing for genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1/2) associated with increased ovarian cancer risk.
- Results: Treating recurrent ovarian cancer presents significant challenges, and despite advancements in therapeutic options, several controversies persist. Ongoing research is addressing these issues, including studies on secondary cytoreduction, maintenance therapy, and the prognostic value of CA 125 levels. The primary objective remains to establish optimal treatment strategies that enhance outcomes for ovarian cancer patients.
- Conclusion: there is considerable optimism due to a deeper understanding of the various causes of this diverse group of diseases, which is leading to the identification of new biomarkers. Innovations in non-invasive diagnostic methods, such as liquid biopsies, Pap smear analysis, and pan-cancer approaches, are being propelled by advanced machine learning algorithms. Additionally, emerging technologies like microchip and nano-based platforms are just beginning to be explored. A range of new cancer biomarker types—including microRNAs (miRNAs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), autoantibodies, the cancer microbiome, and metabolomics—are rapidly being developed, paving the way for novel diagnostic strategies. Furthermore, advancements in imaging technologies show promise for enhancing sensitivity and accuracy in detecting low-volume disease
- Keywords: ovarian cancer,diagnostic,emerging,screening,HGSC
