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INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF

CancerGenetics

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8847166/

• fatemeh,^1,* farideh,²
  
  
  
• Introduction: Although great research has been done to clarify the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), it is still the third common cancer worldwide. Pathogenesis of CRC as a heterogeneous disease is correlated with mutations and epigenetic alterations that result in the inactivation of tumor-suppressive and activation of an oncogene. Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), emerging as a key player in regulating the genes and protein expression, with a length less than 200 nucleotide (nt). In this review, we aimed to focus on the role and the biogenesis of PIWIinteracting RNA (piRNAs), and tRNA-derived small RNA (tRFs) and PIWI proteins in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of CRC and their molecular mechanisms to understand their function in cancers and to provide better therapeutic strategies for CRC.
• Methods: Recently with the help of new sequencing a huge number of snRNAs have been discovered and many of them are indicated as biomarkers and prognostic factors based on their gene regulatory function both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. However, only a small number of them are available as therapeutic tools. Previous have uncovered the important roles of sncRNAs in gene regulation and other cellular processes related to initiation, progression of tumors and different response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. The expression patterns of sncRNAs are very in different tumor tissues compared to the corresponding normal tissue and some of them have show a close association with tumor stages and metastasis. For examole, piR-5937 and piR28,876 expression were decreased significantly in serum of patients with colorectal cancer and correlating with clinical stage I, suggesting as promising biomarkers for early CRC detection [50,51]. PIWIL2 expression was positively associated with CRC and was related to various clinic-pathologic parameters and a poor prognosis [35]. Therefore small non-coding RNAs can be used as new biological markers for the early detection of CRC due to their stability abundance tissues, nominated as an attractive prognostic and diagnostic biomarker candidate [26,31,32]. However our understanding of this field remains incomplete and their mechanism in cellular signaling pathways and animal models needs more investigations. New studies have aimed into the employment of ncRNA in lipid nano-particles as new therapeutic strategies for delivery. The application for novel sncRNAs is so rare and there are many new challenges to overcome before their widely applications. The reason might be due to several factors. First, is based on the difficulty of targeting specific genes due to their short sequence, they might regulate several target genes non-specifically. Second, the optimal system for delivering sncRNAs has not been fully established yet, therefore better understanding about the role of sncRNAs will pave a new ways in their therapeutic application in CRC treatment.
• Results: Not applicable Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials Not applicable CRediT authorship contribution statement Mandana AmeliMojarad: Writing – original draft. Melika AmeliMojarad: Writing – review & editing. Jian Wang: Writing – original draft.
• Conclusion: With the development of bioinformatics and sequencing technologies, more discoveries have been done on the crucial roles of non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) in cellular biology. piRNAs and tRFS as a novel members of small non-coding RNAs and PIWI proteins found to play different regulatory functions and new strategies have focused on their therapeutics roles in cancer because of their role in the development of human cancers in a tissue-specific manner in both tissue and blood emerging as a highly promising biomarker in different cancers including CRC. However, research on their function and biosynthesis is not fully explored yet and needs more investigation for its potential therapeutic applications and further studies have to be done to uncover sncRNAs roles as important regulators in CRC in development.
• Keywords: piRNA tRFs PIWI Colorectal cancer