INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF
CancerGenetics
Cancer treatment with nanotechnology
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Mozhdeh Mahmoud abadi,1,*
1. Student of microbiology in Azad Islamic university of Mashhad
- Introduction: Nanotechnology is a high-application field in basic medicine, relying on the design of various nanostructures used in clinical applications such as early diagnosis or treatment of disease. Cancer treatment strategies are a range of combined chemotherapy drugs, in addition to radiotherapy and auxiliary surgery. Nanomedicine aims to replace chemotherapy drugs that are highly invasive, non-specific and accompanied by unwanted side effects, with specific targeting factors with potential in diagnosis, imaging, targeted delivery and controlled release of therapeutic shipments.
- Methods: Because of their ability to have a 'controlled release tank", nanoparticle-based drugs can safely deliver therapeutic agents to specific sites of damage or cells, control drug release, and improve therapeutic effectiveness by increasing the accumulation and release of pharmacologically active agents at the tumor site; nanoparticles also protect the therapeutic agent attached to it, increase drug circulation time, and reduce toxicity and side effects for healthy tissues. The specific properties of nanoparticles allow the Diagnostic and therapeutic agent to be integrated into a nanoparticle. Nanoparticles are able to pass through cell membranes due to their small size and are not detected by the reticuloondothelial system, thus preventing their destruction. Nanoparticles also need to be accumulated in the target tissue for greater effectiveness, which allows the small size of the nanoparticles to pass through the vascular pores of the tissues, avoiding removal by the spleen through penetration into the tissue. The multifunctionality of high-level-to-volume nanoparticles offers high loading capacity for various imaging. It can also improve or reduce its circulation time by changing the surface and load of the nanoparticles.
- Results: A range of nanostructures such as liposomes, nanomaterials, quantum dots, peptides, cyclodextrins, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene and metal-based nanoparticles are used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Gold nanoparticles are the main focus of biomedical research due to their specific physical and chemical properties. These nanoparticles have low cell toxicity, increase the lifespan of a drug shipment in the bloodstream, allow easy size control, improve surface chemistry, increase the effects of the drug on the surface of the cancer cell, and improve pharmacokinetic effects. Also, by loading nanoparticles with RNA such as siRNA and Mirna, the cancer cell gene can be turned off and mRNA translation prevented. Liposomes are used for targeted delivery of natural or synthetic chemotherapy. The encapsulation of drugs in the liposome allows the delivery of therapeutic agents to the target and prevents their absorption by the reticuloandothelial system. Due to the specific stimuli present at the tumor site, liposomes can target tumor cells and release chemotherapy agents enclosed in nanoparticles. Hybrid systems are a mixture of polymer nanoparticles and liposomes. The core of the system, which is a biodegradable hydrophobic polymer, allows the encapsulation of water- soluble drugs and ensures continuous release. To increase circulation time and prevent the immune system from responding, the hybrid system is covered with a hydrophilic shell. Hybrid systems designed from noble metals are promising anticancer agents that play a role in diagnosis and treatment, such as the anti-cancer effect on silver and gold nanoparticles on lung cancer cells, silver and selenium nanoparticles on lymphoma cells, gold and platinum nanoparticles on cervical cancer, and the cytotoxic effects of silver and gold bimetallic nanostructures against breast cancer cells category MCF-7. Dendrimers are nanoscopic macromolecules that play a fundamental role in the emerging field of Nanomedicine and are ideal carriers for pharmaceuticals and targeted applications due to water solubility, biocompatibility, multi-capacitance, and precise molecular weight. Carbon nanotubes can immobilize therapeutic agents such as drugs, proteins, DNA and antibodies on the outer wall or enclose them inside nanotubes and reduce cell toxicity for healthy tissues. Also due to the nanosensor-like structure, carbon nanoparticles are effectively absorbed and transferred to the cytoplasm of the target cell without cell death. Nanoparticles are also used in chemotherapy and imaging, so that nanoparticles enclose the chemotherapy agent and are triggered by specific ligands found in specific molecules on the cancer cell. In imaging, magnetic nanoparticles coated with specific proteins are also used as imaging agents because they can bind to specific tumor tissues.
- Conclusion: Overall, nanotechnology in cancer treatment holds great potential for improving the effectiveness and precision of therapies, ultimately benefiting patients by reducing side effects and enhancing treatment outcomes.
- Keywords: Nanoparticles Drug delivery Cancer therapy
