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INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF

CancerGenetics

• Recognizing and explaining the level in breast cancer: a systematic review

• Amir Hossein Dehghan,¹ Golnar Ghane,^2,* Amir Mohammad Chekeni,³ Raoofeh Karimi,⁴
  1. Nursing student, Nursing and Midwifery School, Student Research Committee, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  2. PhD in Nursing, Assistant Professor, Medical surgical department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  3. Nursing student, Nursing and Midwifery School, Student Research Committee, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  4. Nursing student, Nursing and Midwifery School, Student Research Committee, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  
  
  
• Introduction: Cancer results from defects in cell growth regulation, often due to genetic damage from chemicals, hormones, or viruses. Breast cancer, the second most common cancer among women, is predominantly influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors rather than genetics. Risk factors include both fixed elements like age and genetics, and modifiable factors such as alcohol consumption and physical inactivity. Effective prevention involves addressing these modifiable risks. Despite its aggressive nature and the challenge of delayed diagnoses, early detection and intervention significantly improve outcomes. Preventive strategies, including primary prevention (risk reduction), secondary prevention (early diagnosis), and tertiary prevention (preventing recurrence), are crucial. Enhancing screening and education on risk factors can reduce incidence, mortality, and healthcare costs. The study aims to examine and explain these preventive measures in breast cancer to better inform health policies and practices.
• Methods: A review was performed independently by two people according to the PICO criteria and aligned with the research objective and based on the PRISMA checklist and using PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science, SID databases, Google Scholar search engine and Boolean operators. The time limit between 2015 and 2023 was determined using the MESH keywords “cancer”, “breast cancer” and “prevention”. After reviewing the entry and exit criteria and critically evaluating the quality of the selected articles, a total of 12 articles were included in the study.
• Results: The evaluation of the reviewed articles revealed that breast cancer risk factors are classified into two categories: fixed and modifiable factors. Modifiable factors can be largely altered and prevented. Knowledge and education aimed at identifying underlying causes, implementing screening programs, and ensuring early detection and treatment play a significant role in preventing and reducing the risk of developing this disease. Lifestyle and environmental factors are critical contributors to breast cancer incidence.
• Conclusion: The rising incidence of breast cancer in developing countries, including Iran, underscores the importance of public awareness regarding early symptoms and warning signs for successful diagnosis and prevention. Educating women about the impact of their behaviors on breast cancer risk and disease management is crucial for effective prevention. Environmental and lifestyle factors significantly contribute to breast cancer development. Additionally, rehabilitation methods can help maintain independence and facilitate quicker reintegration into society. Further research, particularly on tertiary prevention strategies, is needed to achieve more accurate and comprehensive results in breast cancer prevention.
• Keywords: cancer, breast cancer prevention