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INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF

CancerGenetics

• Non-invasive Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer Biomarkers: a Review of Recent Achievements

• Helia Sepahvand,¹ Melika Motehayer,² Bita Fazel,³ Mona Meschi,⁴ Bita Mohammadi,^5,* Hesameddin Akbarein,⁶
  1. DVM Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
  2. DVM Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran
  3. Graduated from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  4. DVM Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
  5. DVM Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
  6. Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Department of Food Hygiene & Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  
  
  
• Introduction: New ways to find and diagnose biomarkers without surgery have changed cancer and rendered old methods useless. Imaging technologies, biosensors, and liquid biopsies are some of these methods that make things more sensitive and accurate. The cost of care can go down, and more people with cancer will live longer thanks to these non-invasive ways. On the other hand, issues such as biomarker proof and standards still need to be fixed. The problems of biomarker validation and standards are still being looked into in order to make these methods better so that they can be used in hospitals. Getting treatment and a longer life are much more likely to work if the cancer is found early. A lot of good things can come from these non-invasive ways to find cancer. They make it possible to find the disease earlier, give more personalized care, and see how it's getting worse in real-time. This study shows how important safe early detection methods are for treating cancer. The aim is to get rid of unnecessary late diagnoses and increase the number of people who survive.
• Methods: In this review article, we used the newest papers from Google Scholar and PubMed. A big part of our work was reviewing in depth about the best ways to look over and correctly judge old studies. To make sure the subject was fully covered, we looked at how words like "Cancer Biomarkers," "Non-invasive Detection," and "Non-invasive Diagnosis" were used.
• Results: Scientists can use tools like qPCR and molecular imaging to find circulating abnormal proteins, miRNA, circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA), and circulating tumor cells (CTCs). This can help them make better evaluations and make patients feel better. These ways make it easier to find cancer earlier and watch how it grows and changes over time. Functional imaging (like Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Optional Coherence Tomography (OCT), and autofluorescence), genetic tests, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are just a few of the cutting-edge technologies that are used in these new methods. AI makes it easier to understand and find things in large amounts of data. It also lowers the chance of getting false positives or negatives. They can also change depending on the tumor's genes, which lets doctors make treatment plans that are just right for each patient. Cancer biomarkers are small pieces of matter in the body that show there is cancer. Biomarkers are proteins, DNA, RNA, chemicals, or cells that have changed in a way that shows cancer has begun to grow. Traditionally, tissue biopsies are used to find cancer biomarkers. However, they are invasive, take a long time, and have a higher risk of problems. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), and exosomes that cancer cells release through a liquid biopsy, which is one of the most promising non-invasive ways to find signs for cancer. CTCs are cancer cells that can split off from the main mass and get into the bloodstream. This helps find mutations that can be used to guide specific treatments and make early diagnoses. Imaging tools that are better now have also made it easier to find and identify cancer without surgery. It is now easier to see and pick out details and use molecular imaging, PET, ultrasound, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); this lets doctors see tumors and the places around them right now.
• Conclusion: Cancer signs can now be found and diagnosed without surgery a lot better than they were a few years ago. Blood samples are used for liquid biopsies, which look for molecular signs of cancer. This is a very promising way to find cancer early and see how well treatment is working. More and more, MRIs, CT scans, and PET scans are being used to find cancer and see how it's growing without having to do surgery. Scientists can learn more about each person's cancer through molecular techniques like DNA sequencing and growing tumor DNA analysis. This new technology is getting better all the time, and it could make a big difference in how well patients do. It could also cut down on the need for invasive treatments and completely change how cancer is found and treated.
• Keywords: Cancer Biomarkers, Non-invasive Detection, and Non-invasive Diagnosis.